Constantly increasing around the world. Infection in 90% occurs naturally, i.e. .

Features HIV infection in children

The following features of HIV infection in children are clinically proven:

• HIV in newborns can go to AIDS by five years of the child's life, which is found in 80% of registered cases.
• children born with HIV in 20-30%, cases are affected by the rapidly progressive form of a disease that gives a high viral load both at birth and for birth and throughout the first months of life.

HIV disease occurs in children other than adults. This determines the features of the treatment and care of children born with HIV. A doctor who observing these young patients must have special knowledge and experience. HIV positive children even ordinary children's chickenpox diseases and cortes are hard, with complications. Therefore, they necessarily need vaccinations against rubella, pigs, measles, which are not contraindicated to children, sick HIV. But they are contraindicated by vaccinations, which are represented by alive vaccines: against tuberculosis (BCG), against yellow fever, against poliomyelitis. It is possible to vaccinate against polio can be replaced by an alternative, not alive.

Intellectually children from HIV infected parents are developing normally, physically slightly slower, they later begin with puberty.

HIV in newborns

In most cases, HIV in newborns is determined by the presence of a disease in the mother and is purchased:

• intrauterine;
• during childbirth;
• with breastfeeding.

At the same time, HIV tests make it possible to identify more infected children on the 1st month and life and all HIV-positive children to the sixth month of life.

How often are HIV-infected children born? The likelihood (up to 50%) of the birth of a sick child from HIV-infected mother depends on whether the future mother adopts antiretroviral drugs, and how long it is hard and it is sick. On our site there is a detailed article about. If the child was infected with HIV during pregnancy or birth, then HIV infection can develop faster. If they are not treated, already in early childhood the child will get seriously.

How many children live with HIV?

The question is how many children live with HIV, worries many parents who have collided with this problem. The answer to this question is ambiguous. Despite the fact that the reaction of the nervous system of children for HIV is excellent from the adult response, HIV infection in children is transformed into the AIDS phase about the same period of time as they have.

However, it is worth noting that in view of the fact that there are no developed immunity to various pathogenic microorganisms in children, they are included in a group of increased risk of developing opportunistic infections and they, accordingly, will be more commonly requested by the doctor's emergency care.

Signs and symptoms of HIV in children

In the blood, all children born with HIV contain maternal antibodies. To find out whether the child is sick, using the methods of diagnosing HIV infection in children in different periods of his life. Even if there are no signs of HIV in children to establish themselves in the diagnosis after receiving a positive response, the analysis should be repeated.

How is HIV in children manifest? The main symptom is an increase in lymph nodes (

This can happen during pregnancy, child birth and breastfeeding. Studies have shown that the probability of such an infection is 20-40%. This means that there is at least 1 chance of 3 that HIV infected mother will give the virus to his child.

Breastfeeding also increases the likelihood of infection. Pregnant, HIV infected woman can infect her child, because the virus can penetrate the placenta during pregnancy or childbirth. The virus can also pass from the mother to the child during breastfeeding. This method of infection is called usually "vertical transmission" or "transmission from the mother to the child."

How children are infected with HIV

1. Infection immediately after birth. The virus can pass from the mother to the child through the milk. This happens in half of the cases when the child is infected with HIV from the mother.

3. Vaccination, injections. In Eastern Europe and Africa, the infection spread through the use of non-sterile needles. Blood from one infected child can promote the spread of infection in a whole group. In some parts of Africa and Eastern Europe, most of the medicines are contained in injections, and not in tablets.

4. Blood transfusion and its derivatives. In most countries today, blood supply is pretty safe.

However, the risk exists always, because widespread tests for antibodies to HIV do not show the recent infection in the body (in many cases, this "hidden" period takes 6 weeks and more).

5. Incest, rape, children's prostitution, early sexual life, drugs.

HIV infected children

Every year, a million children infect HIV infection. Around the world, more than 3 million children HIV are infected and half a million children dies every year. In general, 83% of HIV infected children will manifest deviations in white cells or some symptoms of the disease have already been observed at the age of 6 months. Among the observed health problems may be the following: increased lymph nodes, increased liver and spleen, growth slowdown, small head, ear infections, infectious diseases of respiratory organs, inexplicable temperature increase, encephalopathy (deterioration of brain activity). Half of those children who have similar symptoms are manifested during the first year of life, will not live to three years of age. However, with modern treatment, children can live longer.

Blood tests often introduce misleading doctors due to the presence of maternal antibodies after birth. All children born from HIV infected mothers can have positive test results for HIV, regardless of whether they are actually infected or not. Most children with a positive result of the dough at birth later turn out to be unreacted. A significant reduction in the level of dissemination of the disease among children can be achieved if the anti-virus drugs are made before and immediately after delivery. There is a small probability that children with a negative result of HIV test, can still be virosters. If they were infected in the womb, their organism belongs to HIV as their component and does not respond to it. This suggests that we are still at very early stages in terms of knowledge about HIV infection in children.

Can I get infected with HIV infection through accidental contact with an infected person?

There is no evidence that HIV is transmitted through everyday contacts between people.

HIV infection can not long exist outside the human body.

The virus cannot penetrate the intact skin of a person or through a healthy oral cavity and eyes. A single case of HIV infection is not registered through a healthy oral cavity or respiratory tract. However, there is a possibility of infection of HIV in case there are fresh wounds or inflammation in the oral cavity.

Also, the virus is not present in sufficient quantities in saliva or in the urine in order to cause infection.

A person with venereal diseases increases the likelihood of infection with HIV infection than other people.

HIV is usually not transmitted in the following ways:

Airborne droplets: through cough, sneezing, laughter, conversations or kisses.

Ordinary skin contact, for example, shy, hug or touch.

Through food or water, through the use of common dishes, cups, spoons, through the use of a shared toilet, bath, pool, soul, etc.

Through towels, bed linen, clothing, etc.

Through insects, such as mosquitoes.

Conclusion: HIV cannot be transmitted through daily activities.

Nowadays, the so-called "social orphans" is becoming increasingly among orphans. The question of what the prospect of developing the health of the child born from a socially disadvantaged mother is extremely important not only for the personnel of special children's institutions (maternity hospitals, hospitals, a child's houses, etc.), but also for potential adoptive parents, as well as employees of guardianship services .

Unfortunately, in most cases, it is necessary to deal with a lack of data on biological parents of such children. As a rule, their mother is not observed in women's consultations during pregnancy and enter the maternity hospitals without any documents, and after childbirth disappear from the life of their children. To predict the development of a newborn, without having medical supervision data about his mother, very, very difficult.

In this article, we will not affect the problems of children born with manifestations of congenital deformities, cerebral paralysis and hydrocephalus: these diagnoses are put by a child "in fact", here, as they say, everything is on face. In the current situation, the question of how to evaluate the prospect of developing a newborn child, which appeared on the light is completely well healthy, acquires special relevance. Our article will consider this topic.

First of all, it must be said that all the information available on the health status of the child should be reflected in medical workers in the history of its development, and should also be reflected in the generalized version in the discharge from its illness history (development). All women in labor should necessarily carry out laboratory tests of blood to eliminate infectious diseases that can pass the child (hepatitis, HIV infection, syphilis, etc.).

Let us dwell on the definition of infectious diseases and tell about the peculiarities of the human immune system.

Infectious diseases in humans are caused by a number of microorganisms, which include bacteria, viruses, simplest, mushrooms, helminths, etc. falling in various ways to the human body, these microorganisms with their presence and their livelihoods can lead to severe human health changes, right up to death. However, the human body can fight with such "aggressors" with the help of its immune system. Each foreign organism is a set of different compounds, the main part of which is protein, which for the human immune system will be an antigen. Finding an antigen, the protective system is trying to fight it in various ways, and, first of all, the production of antibodies specific for this antigen. These antibodies, in turn, try to neutralize, associate antigens, forming a specific complex - antigen antibody. It is in this form of antigens that are removed from the body. When it succeeds (most often for this requires the use of medicines), human recovery occurs. However, it should be borne in mind that antibodies remain in the body for a while after recovery. In this way, the immune system is trying to defend against the re-invasion of the unnecessary guests. In some cases, antibodies will remain half a year - a year after the recovery of man, and after some diseases of the antibodies will be produced by the body until the end of life, forming persistent immunity (protection) from these diseases.

For us, it is important for us to know that a number of antibodies produced can be transferred to the mother of their child passively, and these antibodies are not a protective reaction of the body of the child. The detection in a newborn antibody does not mean that the child is ill or suffered an infectious disease.

Based on this submission (even even a very superficial), let's try to deal with such heavy and terrible diseases like syphilis, AIDS and hepatitis.

The incidence of syphilis

Syphilis is known to humanity for a long time. It is believed that he was brought to Europe from Columbus sailors. With timely and properly spent treatment, syphilis is completely curable, only unpleasant memories remain from it. But, unfortunately, in recent times in our country there is an increase in the incidence of syphilis. The overwhelming majority of infections occur in people of childbearing age, and often occurs in future mothers. In such a situation, there is a likelihood of intrauterine infection of the fetus.

In most cases, the mother sick syphilis, the fetal death occurs, a stillborn child is born or a child's birth with deformities occurs. Nevertheless, a variant of late manifestations of congenital syphilis is possible.

The diagnosis of syphilis is designed for a long time. It is based on an openmost one hundred years ago by the German microbiologist with a serological response. In our country, it is still accepted to designate a study on Syphilis RW (Vasserman's reaction), although this study has long been not alone, but a whole range of reactions, not all of which serological ones. The problem of diagnosis is that in the early stages of the newborn) in the early stages of syphilis disease, a negative result of the study is possible due to the absence of antibodies, on the detection of which RW. To work out the immune system of antibodies, the body needs some time. Therefore, newborn children whose mother has a positive result on RW, preventive (preventive) treatment is prescribed. As a rule, this treatment is enough, and from the maternity hospital, and even more so from the hospital, the baby enters the child's house is already practically healthy. Further infection is possible parenterally (through blood) or practically not occurring in sexual children.

The generally accepted method of excluding the disease syphilis is laboratory diagnostics. At the same time, the method of the child is made of blood test on RW. Without such an analysis, the child is not translated into any other medical institution, but even more so - in the establishment of public education systems or social protection.

The incidence of AIDS

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease, a consequence of a decrease in the protective abilities of the organism (immunity), and the cause of its occurrence is a sharp decrease in the number of cells of lymphocytes playing a central role in the body's immune system. The period of the disease from infection and to its final stage - death, can occur quite a long time (sometimes a decade). Most of the time the course of the disease occurs completely imperceptibly for the infected and its surroundings, in the form of a so-called asymptomatic stage. The culprit of this disease is the human immunodeficiency virus, abbreviated HIV (HIV), which gave the name of the initial stage of the disease as HIV infection. This virus was separated relatively recently, in the early 80s of the last century, but the efforts of scientists at the present time he studied quite well.

HIV unstable in the external environment. The virus dies very quickly when boiling (after 1-3 minutes) is almost completely inactivated by heating at a temperature of about 60 degrees C for 30 minutes. Also, it dies under the influence of disinfectants commonly used in medical practice (3% hydrogen peroxide solution, 70% ethyl alcohol, ether, acetone, etc.). However, HIV virus is very resistant to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet rays. HIV is characterized by high variability: it is believed that in the human body, as the infection has progressed from the asymptomatic stage to pronounced (AIDS), there is a change in the nature of the virus from the less virulent (malicious) to a more virulent version.

HIV is infected with several ways: sex, parenterally (through blood) and vertical (from mother to the fetus). The source of infection is a HIV-infected person, which may be both in the stage of expanded manifestations of the disease (AIDS) and in the asymptomatic stage of virons.

Despite the fact that the virus is located in all human fluids and tissues, dangerous for the further spread of the infection is the blood, sperm and breast milk. This is due to the fact that in saliva, tear liquid and urine the virus is in a small amount, insufficient to infect another person. Also, the overwhelming majority of doctors believe that bloodsowing insects do not play roles in the spread of HIV infection.

It is believed that the virus that fell into the body through blood (for example, in drug addicts) behaves more evil, aggressively, and the disease, with this form of infection, the asymptomatic stage passes faster.

Once in the human body, the HIV virus with a special protein (GP120) is attached to cells having a certain receptor (CD4), penetrates the cells inward and is embedded in their genetic apparatus, where it can be saved for life in inactive state.

At a certain point, the virus is activated, and the infected cell begins the rapid formation of new viral particles, which leads to the destruction of the cell and its death, while the lesion of new cells occurs. Unfortunately, HIV is not indifferent to those cells that are involved in the formation of the body's immune response (T-lymphocytes, or T-helpers). The virus can also affect the nervous system cells, macrophages, monocytes and vessel walls. With such a defeat, there is a situation in which the cells that are guarding the body, not only do not help in the fight against alien agents, and themselves are recognized as an immune system as strangers and are destroyed. There is a violation of the normal reaction of the body to a foreign agent, the gradual destruction of the human immune system, which becomes defenseless before infectious diseases, including those in normal condition, are not presented for the immune system and are not at all dangerous.

Primary infection of HIV leads to a long asymptomatic period of infection, the causes of which are not completely known. All this time, HIV-infected person leads a normal lifestyle and may not guessed about its disease. All manifestations of HIV during this period are often similar to the usual cold or flu. Nevertheless, at the initial stage of the disease, HIV-infected person is a possible disseminator of infection. They include pregnant women who can transfer HIV to the future child before, during and after childbirth.

To date, the likelihood of the birth of an infected child from a HIV-infected woman is about 30%. However, subject to the pregnant woman who appointed by the doctor's preventive measures, the risk of birth of HIV-infected child decreases to 5-10%. This means that out of 100 children born with HIV-infected mothers, 90 will be healthy.

In most cases, it is almost impossible immediately after the birth of a child from HIV-infected mother reliably assess the likelihood of its infection. For final confirmation or denial of the diagnosis, a certain time is required. So, often in the blood of newborns, antibodies are found to HIV passively transmitted by passively, which in the future disappear from the body of the child with its growth. This means that the child will not be infected. Another situation is possible, in which the newborn antibody to HIV appears only after a few (on average 6-12) weeks after infection. Statistics show that 90% of infected antibodies are detected within 3 months after infection, about 9% - after 6 months, and in 1% - and in a more distant period. Consequently, there is a possibility of manifestation of HIV infection in the infant at the later dates, and not immediately after birth.

Diagnosis of HIV

The main method of diagnosing HIV infection is the detection of antibodies to the virus to the virus using an enzyme immunoassay analysis (ELISA), which has a sensitivity of about 99%. This method is screening. However, in normal practice, with the use of ELISA, false positive and false-negative reactions quite often appear. In this regard, in the event of a discovery of a positive result, the analysis in the laboratory is carried out twice, and upon receipt of at least one more positive result, blood serum is sent to set a specific confirmation test. For this purpose, the immune blotting method (IB) is used, at which antibodies are detected to a certain characteristic of HIV proteins, even the remains of the virus shell are detected.

Another diagnostic method is a polymerase chain response to HIV (PCR), which determines the number of copies of the RNA of the immunodeficiency virus in the blood plasma. In fact, this method is quantitative (it evaluates viral load), and is of great importance for determining the further forecast and gravity of HIV infection.

All applied diagnostic methods are quite expensive and, as a result, not all laboratories carry out these tests, especially in small cities. Therefore, in suspected HIV, several screening studies must be carried out at an interval of 3-6 months. At the same time, it is necessary to observe the absence of AIDS-indicator diseases characteristic of persons with impaired, weakened immunity, and, as a rule, not exerting ordinary children. It is believed that if positive serological reactions are detected for more than 15 months, this indicates the presence of HIV infection by the child. If a child over 18 months has no AIDS-indicator diseases and there are no positive laboratory tests for HIV, then such a child is considered non-infected.

Children, HIV - infected motives of which passively passed antibodies to HIV, are considered conditionally ill. Such a state, according to the International Classifier of Diseases (ICD-10), is indicated as an unknown HIV test.

These children make up most of the number of children born by HIV-infected mothers. With the growth of the child, the destruction of maternal antibodies occurs and, usually after 2 years of age, almost all laboratory tests for HIV infection are negative. In Moscow, such children to achieve 3 years of age are removed from the register.

Currently, techniques for treating and preventing HIV infection have been developed. Despite the fact that modern medicine is not yet able to completely deliver (cure) the body of viruses, it allows you to extend to a sufficiently long time asymptomatic stage of HIV infection. With regular use of drugs, a person can conduct practically no limit life, but at the same time he must remember the possibility of infection of other people. Russian schemes for treating HIV-infected patients today almost fully comply with international standards. And if a pregnant HIV-infected woman observed all the prevention recommendations, the risk of infection with the child decreases to 2-5%. There are cases of birth of healthy children from both HIV-infected parents.

Hepatitis B and with

Today, in our country, the frequency of infection has increased by such infections as viral hepatitis B and C. Like HIV, hepatitis belongs to the hemocontact and have almost the same ways of infection. It should be noted that, in contrast to HIV, infection with hepatitis B and C viruses is much easier. This is due to higher virus stability in an external environment and a smaller dose required for infection. The virus hepatitis is predominantly in chronic infectious diseases, they are often completed by the development of liver cirrhosis with the possible development of hepatocellular carcinoma (liver tumor).

For the fetus, the risk of hepatitis damage is significantly higher, compared with HIV infection, and can reach up to 90%. Infection is possible with the carrier of the virus of the mother, and can occur transplacentar (through a placenta) or during childbirth. The incubation period (the time passing from the first contact with the causative agent of the disease before the appearance of the first signs of the disease) is an average of 2-6 months, but when transmitting the hepatitis causative agent through blood (by means of hemotransfusion), it can be reduced to 1.5 months.

Specific diagnosis of the disease is to determine the serum of the virus markers. The most common is the foundation of the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus - HBSAG, which can be determined long before the disease. Not so long ago began to determine the antigen of the hepatitis C virus C - HCV.

Auxiliary diagnostics is based on control of hepatic cell enzymes (AST, Alt, etc.) in biochemical blood test.

The forecast of the development of the disease depends on the severity of the disease and the availability of complications. According to a number of studies, in 30% of children born from mothers - carriers of the hepatitis B virus, liver cirrhosis develops.

Today, the most effective measure of the prevention of incidence of hepatitis B is vaccine-philatics. Vaccination against hepatitis B is included in the Russian national calendar of vaccinations since 1997. It is envisaged to vaccinate all children of the first year of life, and children from mothers - carriers of the virus and patients with hepatitis in begin to vaccinate already in the maternity hospital.

Often, it is necessary to deal with the situation when a pregnant woman has a whole complex of diseases. This is the most difficult case. If the mother consumed narcotic substances intravenously, then it often marks a combination of viral hepatitis and HIV infection. If a woman led an erratic sex life, then a combination of HIV with syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections are possible. In persons with an asocial lifestyle (abuse of alcohol, taking drugs and leading erratic sexual life), the risk of infection with dangerous diseases, including syphilis and HIV infection, is repeatedly increasing, and therefore the possibility of transmitting these diseases to offspring. In addition to all its negative consequences, the drugs and alcohol substances negatively affect the body's immune system, coal, and, more and more, it is extremely negatively affecting the development of the fetus. Chronic diseases of a pregnant woman play a negative role for the health of the future child, especially inflammatory diseases of the small pelvis organs. The intrauterine hypoxia of the fetus develops, which leads to a violation of the formation of the nervous system, the presence and manifestation of many other deviations with health in the newborn. Some of these problems may remain on the other life of the child.

I would like to note that with all its numerous problems, the health care system is very well coped with the tasks assigned to it. One of the main factors that negatively affect the end result is the attitude of a person to their health. After all, not an empty meaning is filled with the well-known phrase that the disease is easier to prevent than to treat. And this fully refers to the possible prevention of diseases of the newborn baby. If all future mothers have regularly visited women's consultations during pregnancy, then when discovering research and prevention on infectious diseases, it would be possible to begin treatment and prevention that it would reduce the risk of infection with newborns to a minimum. Unfortunately, it does not always happen, and often the first link in the diagnosis of the child's disease becomes the maternity hospital.

The further path of the child remaining without parental care lies through the children's department of the hospital in the house of the child. Adoption of such children is possible from any of the institutions listed above. Carefully having studied all medical extracts (sometimes very stingy), you can make an idea of \u200b\u200bthe state of health of the child. Based on such data, the "medical conclusion on a child decorated for adoption" is largely based.

The first and most basic, where to start learning the health of the child, is its diagnosis. Next, it should be carefully examined by the results of laboratory studies and, in the absence of such or a long time, it is necessary to conduct repeated research.

It is advisable to pay attention to the data on relatives (if any). It is believed that the older the biological parents of the child (especially his mother), the higher the risk of hereditary diseases. The probability of birth of a healthy child increases in the event of good mother health. However, it is impossible to say that having health problems The woman will certainly give birth to a baby with any form of pathology.

Non-specialist, studying medical documentation, should be guided by simple everyday logic. So, the more the child received medicines, the more he had health problems. And, for example, the fact that the child will not be vaccinated by all the vaccinations in their age can also lead to different conclusions.

All children who are in the houses of the child must take cliserization twice a year, which are attracted by doctors specialists. The purpose of the dispensarization is as early as possible detection of deviations in the health of the child, which can lead to the occurrence of diseases. When the symptoms are found, measures are taken to establish the correct diagnosis. If necessary, the child is transferred to the specialized hospital departments, the dispensary or the clinic of scientific institutions, where it takes place a full examination and begins to receive the necessary treatment or recommendations for further survey. When the diagnosis is defined, the child is registered with a specialist doctor, or in a specialized medical institution. So, in the case of the detection of HIV infection, in Moscow, the child is registered at the Moscow City Center for Combating and Preventing AIDS.

If future parents for some reasons are not satisfied with the result of a medical conclusion about the health of the child's adopted, they are entitled to conduct an independent medical examination.

Dry phrases in medical documents can impress the future adopters about the futility of the adoption of the child. In such a situation, it should not be a panic before time. First of all, you need to talk with doctors, under whose supervision is such a child. A doctor who knows a particular baby can objectively assess the prospects for the development of the child, as well as to give advice regarding further treatment. The overwhelming majority of medical workers do not embellish the picture in order to "sell the seed goods". Although the risk of development in the future diseases remains, should not immediately refuse to adopt such children. After all, a huge number of parents ("normal" in understanding that they do not throw and do not give up their children) across the country are growing their babies, successfully engaged in in addition to upbringing and their treatment.

Medicine does not stand still: today new diagnostic methods are constantly being developed, and also (which is undoubtedly more important) new treatments; New drugs opened, capable of fully cured even the most terrible diseases. More difficult is the treatment of diseases that took the chronic nature of the flow. In the treatment of the same infectious diseases, constant progress is observed, to a greater extent it relates to bacterial diseases than to viral.

The main thing for future adoptive parents when searching for "their" baby is not to give in to the first gust ("This is a sick child" or vice versa "I'm crazy about this child"), and carefully consider all possible ways to develop a child, weigh your strength. Most children's diseases are successfully treatable today. It is not necessary for adoption to wait for the final removal of the "terrible" diagnosis of a child, which is registered with a specialist doctor (for example, a born HIV-infected woman), but you need to be prepared for additional difficulties arising from the lack of knowledge and misunderstanding people around you. And the most important thing - the child will be much easier to cope with emerging problems if he will feel support for loving parents.

Methodical material of the school of receiving parents.
Craidic Viktor Yuryevich - Chief Physician of the Specialty House of the Child No. 7 of Moscow.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, April 30 - AiF-Kamchatka.There are people who are on the edge of death, but making everything possible to give life a precious creature. About this correspondent "AIF-Kamchatka" told the pediatrician of the AIDS Center Elena Sergeant.

Maternity chemistry

Elena Sergeant: -Can HIV-positive woman become a mother? Of course yes! The presence of HIV infection is not a contraindication for pregnancy and childbirth. Achievements of modern medicine make it possible to significantly reduce the risk of HIV transfer from the mother, and the birth of a healthy child is quite real.

Of course, to solve this important issue, a HIV-infected woman requires a consultation of a doctor - infectious source center and an obstetrician-gynecologist of women's consultation. If there are no contraindications for pregnancy, the future mother must be registered in the women's consultation and observed on the general basis.

"AIF-Kamchatka": - And yet the infection of the child is possible?

E.S.: -Yes, especially in late pregnancy, during childbirth and in breastfeeding. The likelihood of HIV transmission from mother without conducting preventive measures is 20-40%. But with the use of modern prevention methods, the risk of infection is reduced to 1-2%!

The system is as follows: from 22-28 weeks of pregnancy begins the first stage of chemoprophylaxis - the purpose of antiretroviral drugs to reduce the virus load in the blood of a pregnant woman. Simple words: the less virus in the blood, the less likely that it will penetrate through the placenta to the fetus. A cesarean section is selected as the method of the delivery, it is considered an independent method of prevention - in this case, the baby's contact with the biological fluids of the mother is minimized, in contrast to labor in a natural way.

Photo: www.russianlook.com

With the beginning of the generic activity begins the second stage of chemoprophylaxis - the woman ceases to take antiviral drugs in tablets, and throughout the period of birth receives them intravenously.

After the birth of the baby, the prevention for the mother ends and begins for the child. Immediately after childbirth, it is translated into artificial feeding. Unfortunately, HIV infection in mothers is an absolute contraindication to natural feeding. From the first hours of life and until one and a half months, the child receives an antiviral drug in the form of a syrup. This medicine in most cases is well tolerated by babies, without causing side effects.

A newborn baby is put on a dispensary accounting in the AIDS Center from the first day of life. Why do you need it? Doctors cannot immediately say if he was infected with infection. Therefore, the baby needs to systematically observe up to one and a half years, and it needs the same regular examination as all children. If the child is confirmed by the diagnosis of HIV infection, then it remains at the dispensary accounting for life. Otherwise, the baby is removed from the account.

Competently and with love

"AIF-Kamchatka": - How do HIV diagnose in newborns?

E.S.: -All children born with HIV-infected mothers have mother antibodies to HIV proteins in their blood, and the result of standard analysis will be positive, but this does not mean that the child is necessarily infected with HIV! Gradually, by 12-15 months of life, mother antibodies in the blood of the child are destroyed. However, HIV infection in the children of the first year of life can quickly progress, and earlier diagnosis is necessary. This can be done with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - molecular methods for detecting HIV proteins. The first study is carried out in 1-2 months of life. A positive result in this case with a fraction of a probability of about 98% indicates HIV infection. Children with negative results of PCR at a month old, at the age of 4-6 months and older are considered HIV-negative. In addition, each child examines a specialist doctor to identify clinical manifestations characteristic of HIV / AIDS.

Baby - healthy! Photo Anastasia Eroshina

Given the results of research, taking into account the form of feeding the child, his age, doctors make the final conclusion about the absence or presence of a child HIV infection.

The history of the HIV infection epidemic shows that in many cases HIV-positive children, getting good care and timely treatment, feeling the love and care of parents, live a long and full life, create families, give birth to healthy children. The main thing is to believe in it and act competently and with love!

"AIF-Kamchatka": - Doctor, in Kamchatka there are children born from HIV-infected mothers?

E.S.: -Yes there is. And all of them are healthy! Now, under our observation, nine kids, no one of them is a diagnosis of HIV confirmed (here the doctor knocked on the tree). This is the subject of our special pride.

By the way

HIV-infected children have the same rights as healthy, including: attend kindergarten and any children's teams, communicate with peers, observed and be treated in medical institutions on the general basis. HIV domestic way is not transmitted!

According to 2017, about 900,000 HIV-infected people live in Russia. AIDS is called the Chumay of the XXI century. Can HIV-infected woman give birth to a healthy baby, how to maximize the risk of transmission of the virus to the child, which should be remembered with HIV spouses planning replenishment in the family, - the obstetrician gynecologist of the Kemerovo Center for Combating AIDS Olga answered these and other important questions. Korostelev and an epidemiologist, head of the prevention department of the Kemerovo Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases Zhanna Berg.

If a woman has HIV, does it mean that it is circumscribed to their future children for this disease? What is the likelihood of baby infection?

Today HIV is not an indication for interrupting pregnancy. HIV-positive women get married, become mothers and, in the future, grandmothers of completely healthy children and grandchildren. If the future mother is a carrier of HIV - this does not mean that the child will certainly inherit the disease.

With timely conducted preventive measures, the risk decreases to 1-2% and even to zero percent.

If not to carry out prevention, the risk of infection with HIV infection is raised at times. The probability in this case during pregnancy is about 25-35%, in the delivery process - 40-65%, during breastfeeding - from 12 to 29%.

When can HIV infection from mother's child occur?

Infection infection is often occurring during pregnancy: the virus from the blood flow of the future mother is able to penetrate the fetus through the placenta - the body that connects the mother and the baby. Through her, the child gets oxygen and nutrients from the mother's body, but the blood of the mother and the baby is not mixed. The placenta must protect the baby from the pathogens of various infections that are in maternal blood, including HIV. But this is normal.

If the placenta is inflamed or damaged, which can occur during abdomen injuries or infectious diseases, its protective properties are significantly reduced. In this case, there is a risk of transmitting the fetus of HIV infection from the mother.

Not excluded infection with the virus and during childbirth. There are two ways to transmit infection: the first - when the baby passes through the generic channels - through the cervix, the vagina - his skin can come into contact with blood and vaginal mothers secretions that contain HIV. On the baby's skin there are wounds, through them the virus can penetrate the body. The second way - when passing by the generic paths, the child often accidentally swallows maternal vaginal discharge and blood. In this case, the virus can get into the body of the child through the mucous mouth, the esophagus and the stomach.

The baby can become infected during breastfeeding: either through milk, because there is HIV in it, either through blood - if the mother has damaged skin around the nipple, then with milk the child gets blood, and this is an additional risk of infection.

What measures should a pregnant woman be taken with HIV to maximize their future child from infection?

A pregnant woman with HIV should immediately get up to the dispensary accounting for women's consultation at the place of residence, like all pregnant women, and be sure to get up to the specialized center to combat AIDS. The earlier the better. Here, after a special examination, the woman will prescribe antiretroviral therapy.

Antiretroviral drugs are most safe as possible, so they can take pregnant women and newborn children without fear for preventing infection. They need to be taken throughout the term of pregnancy, up to the birth and be sure to give medicines to the newborn.

It is known that HIV is transmitted through blood, cum, vaginal discharge and maternal milk. It turns out, HIV-infected woman will not be able to feed his baby breast?

Yes, you are right, a woman is transferred to HIV through blood and sperm. Baby can be infected with breastfeeding. Therefore, HIV-infected mother is very important to abandon breastfeeding.

In order to avoid infection, we strongly recommend HIV-positive women do not apply to the chest and do not feed the breast milk of children.

Will the pregnancy of women with HIV be accompanied by additional risks and complications?

First of all, it is important to understand that HIV-infected woman is able to endure and give birth to a healthy baby. But at the same time it should be remembered that during pregnancy, physiological suppression of immunity occurs, it is quite natural. Often this leads to the fact that the development of HIV infection can accelerate. A woman needs to consult with an infectious person to determine the state of the immune system, the stage of HIV infection and forecasts for its health.

How to plan a pregnancy HIV-infected spouses?

Practice shows: the more attention is paid to the planning of pregnancy and prepare for it, the better for the mother and its future child. The greater the chances of having a healthy baby and not get complications during the toasting.

During pregnancy preparation, hand over blood test, which will help determine the viral load. At high indicators it is very important to achieve that the number of lymphocytes come to normal, and the virus activity has decreased.

In case the pregnancy has already come, immediately, on any gestation, contact the center-AIDS for examination and preventive action.

What percentage of HIV-infected women is born healthy children?

With timely and complete three-step prevention - during pregnancy, in childbirth and newborn - the risk of HIV transmission from the mother is very small and ranges from 0% to 2%.

What preventive measures should be made towards a baby born from HIV-infected woman?

Prevention measures are very important in the case of the birth of a child from a HIV-positive woman. So that the baby was healthy, remember three main preventive measures:

• antiretroviral prevention immediately after delivery (baby needs to give medicine in the form of a syrup);
• rejection of breastfeeding;
• survey at a pediatrician in a special AIDS Center.

What advice can be given by HIV-infected women who learned about pregnancy?

First of all: immediately contact the AIDS Center at the place of residence for the survey and obtain preventive treatment to prevent the transfer of virus from the mother of the mother.

Observations about pregnancy at HIV-positive women should pass strictly to the appointment of the attending physician.

In order for preventive measures to have the desired result, that is, your child is born healthy, it is very important to clearly observe the treatment regime. If a pregnant HIV-positive woman violates this mode, for example, he often transmits the reception of drugs, takes less than the prescribed dose or does not observe the desired intervals between the drugs of drugs, then the risks of the virus transmission of the virus are at times increased.

From the author: HIV medicine, fully delivering an infected person from this disease, has not yet been found. But HIV-positive people can live fully and long, if all the prescriptions of the doctor and take the necessary measures. Moreover, people with HIV create happy families and give birth to healthy children. It is only important to accommodate to pregnancy and do everything so that the baby does not become infected with the virus.